How can we truly go about defining partiality? Partiality is the unfair bias that we display for ourselves and other people with whom we stand in some personal relationships. It still remains a central theme in philosophy, as well as in practice, particularly the legal practice.
Within the alternative dispute resolution sphere, the word partiality, or more commonly impartiality, is used often, but ambiguously defined and explained. Initially it may appear as an action that would normally be easily noticed and identified, but in the world of ADR, the prohibition against partiality requires that the term be adequately defined. In order to avoid parties defining partiality on a case by case basis depending on their emotional investment in the outcome.
Still, there is little consensus on when partiality and bias become dangerous to the resolution process, and when a very small bit of partiality is not harmful. Some practitioners would argue that any partiality should be considered by the parties when deciding on a neutral, while others evaluate the decision based on how much effect it could have.
Still, others argue that there should be absolutely no evidence of bias anywhere within the resolution process. These differing opinions on what partiality is and how much truly affects the outcome of a case demonstrate how difficult it is to define the term and how hard it can be to correctly identify when it interferes with the neutrality of the process. This article will create a working definition of partiality and discuss the intersection between neutrality and alternative dispute resolution.
A Working Definition of Partiality
Partiality is strictly defined as the the special concern that we show for ourselves and for those we have special relationships with, in terms of both our actions and our attitudes. Intuitively, partiality is an obvious and justified fact of life. All of us feel more partial to our children, spouses, and friends than to strangers. And all of us can and will find a way to justify our partiality at one point or another.
Simon Keller, author of “Partiality” details the three views of partiality: the projects view, relationships view, and individuals view.
Project View: Partiality is justified by appeal to the special value of ground projects. Some of the ground projects are fundamental components to our identity and give us purpose.
Relationship View: Partiality is justified by the appeal to the special value of personal relationships. The value of these relationships are held in high regard.
Individuals View: Partiality is justified by appeal to the special value of individuals. The fact that we have a relationship with that particular person allows us to see more value in them.
Keller ultimately favors the latter and defends it by saying that we must accept that two people, whether friend or stranger, can have the same value, even as their value makes different demands upon people with whom they share different relationships.
The Ethics of Partiality
Putting the philosophical debate aside, defining and defending partiality can give us breathing room from the stringent demands of morality and make it a more human phenomenon as opposed to a distant one. Partiality is a particular fondness for one thing or person that places that thing or person at an advantage over comparable things or people. It is similar to favoritism or bias, but partiality does not have the same negative connotations that both of these words do.
Partiality is not always bad, as it is often how people determine their likes and dislikes, and not everyone or everything deserves equal favor in each person’s life. However, it becomes an issue when partiality bleeds into how decisions are made from a place of power. Favoring one side over the other can result in a breach of trust and decisions that do not mimic the facts of the case or the law that is at the center of the case.
Being impartial, which is often clearer than partial, means that all of the facts of the case will be considered with the weight they deserve, and the person running the dispute resolution will not have a bias toward one side over the other. Partiality means giving one side or the other more weight or credibility than it deserves.
Impartial Morality: The Counterview
Understanding partiality is important to understanding how impartiality is a vital aspect of alternative dispute resolution. Impartiality is the core of alternative dispute resolution and sets it apart from other forms of legal recourse by creating a space with assumed trust and candor when resolving the dispute. Without this, the parties will likely resort to a more adversarial approach and any attempts at resolving the matter will be thwarted. Similarly, in alternative dispute resolution with a decision-maker, the parties need partiality to believe that the decision will be fair to even approach the arbitration in the first place.
Without this promise, arbitration would likely never be approached because it would cease to be a reasonable alternative. Partiality and its definition set the stage for the type of resolution process that the parties will have, so it needs to be defined effectively and correctly to both the parties and the neutrals to ensure the continued success of the process.
Partiality and ADR
Because alternative dispute resolution places a heavy emphasis on impartiality, a standard for assessing partiality within a resolution mechanism has been adopted, although the exact definition and standard have yet to be decided. Additionally, different mechanisms of alternative dispute resolution will have different effects from partiality, so the result of a challenge to a resolution based on perceived impartiality will differ. In mediation, partiality on the part of the mediator could cause the unfavored party to agree to a resolution that is much less desirable than they could have reached if the mediator was impartial, so they may try and rescind the agreement based on mediator impartiality.
Within United States law, the standard for mediation is more a question of contract law and whether the contract was fully acknowledged. In arbitration, the parties allow the arbitrator to decide the case, so impartiality is incredibly important to achieve a fair result, as any partiality would likely directly affect the result. Here, the United States courts have created a standard known as “evident partiality” to judge arbitrator partiality. Challenges based on partiality will often take place through litigation, so a judge or jury will evaluate whether the neutral acted impartially or not.
Evident Partiality
Evident partiality is the standard by which courts will decide whether an arbitral award can be overturned with a challenge to the arbitrator’s partiality. This standard is established by the Federal Arbitration Act, which lists evident partiality as one of the grounds to overturn an arbitral award, but the statute gives little guidance on what evident partiality is. The standard has been tested through the years, but the United States Supreme Court has yet to issue an opinion that defines what evident partiality is and what it is not, nor have they decided just how much partiality is enough to be evident partiality.
This lack of a definition makes it difficult for parties to know when or what kind of action may overturn an arbitration award because of impartiality, and when their concerns about the arbitration should be addressed. While the Supreme Court has not issued a decision on the definition of evident partiality, there are some characteristics that a party can look to if trying to gauge partiality.
Characteristics that Gauge Partiality
- Favorites: An arbitrator that chooses a favorite and sides with their opinion the majority of the time, especially if it is not backed up by the facts of the case may be exhibiting evident partiality. This is difficult though because it can be easy to feel as though a result that chooses another option must have been the result of a favorite. Understanding when the law backs up a position and when the arbitrator is playing favorites is a difficult assessment to make.
- Disclosures: This is the most widely discussed form of partiality that creates challenges to arbitral awards. Arbitrators are required to disclose facts that are or may seem to indicate a bias toward one party or the other. What is often unclear in these situations is how much a relationship is enough to warrant disclosure. If there is an obvious connection to one party that was not disclosed, there is likely evident partiality. If there is a minor connection that is not disclosed, it could still meet the evident partiality requirement if there is evidence that it significantly impacted the decision. Because of this uncertainty, it is usually best for the arbitrator to disclose any possible connection to one of the parties.
- Blatant: In some cases, an arbitrator may be blatantly obvious with their partiality. This can be by only accepting payment from one of the parties, overseeing the arbitration even though they were only approved by one party, or admitting that they have a decision early on without hearing much of the arguments. These behaviors are often a sign that something is wrong with the arbitration.
Conclusion
Partiality undermines the goal of alternative dispute resolution and put the parties at risk of not resolving their disputes effectively. Ensuring that neutrals act in impartial and unbiased ways will help the parties feel as though their opinions were considered and heard.
Understanding and defining partiality is the first step in ensuring this commitment. To learn more about partiality, impartialty, conflict resolution and more, contact ADR Times!
Mark holds a Ph.D. in Leadership (Alliant's Marshall Goldsmith School of Management), an MBA in Finance (Pepperdine’s Graziadio School of Business), a Master's in Dispute Resolution (Straus Institute for Dispute Resolution, at Pepperdine Caruso School of Law) and a BSc in Urban Planning (Cal Poly Pomona).
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