Tom Ingram
Ask a Master Gardener
A s a kid, I remember seeing dragonflies all the time, but now I never see them. Do we still have dragonflies? — T.K.
Yes, we still have dragonflies, depending on where you live. Let me explain.
There are about 5,000 species of dragonflies with almost 15% of those in danger of extinction. Since dragonflies are essentially aquatic insects that spend most of their life in the water, I am going to guess that as a kid you used to live near a pond or water source, but now you don’t. Those of us who live in urban areas without nearby ponds or lakes probably don’t see many dragonflies.
When our children were younger, we used to spend a lot of time at the lake, and it was not unusual for a dragonfly or two to land on our head or arm as we floated in the water. In fact, now that I have been working on this article, I have been paying attention to see if I see any dragonflies in our landscape, and I don’t. But as fate would have it, we went to Grand Lake on Labor Day and the first thing I saw flying around the patio was a dragonfly. So yes, there are still dragonflies, but you need to be near water.
Dragonflies are insects in the order Odonata. Insects in this group are characterized by large multifaceted eyes, two pairs of wings and an elongated body. Their eyes provide them with excellent vision due to their very unique structure.
Dragonfly eyes have up to 30,000 “facets” and are arranged in a way that gives them almost 360-degree vision. This gives them a huge advantage when hunting for food and one of their favorite foods are mosquitoes. Each dragonfly can eat hundreds of mosquitoes a day. Because of this, dragonflies are sometimes known as “mosquito hawks.” They will also eat gnats, midges, flies and even smaller dragonflies, making them an entirely beneficial insect.
Unfortunately, they are also sometimes known as “horse stingers,” which is inappropriate because they can neither sting nor bite.
Interestingly, dragonflies predate dinosaurs by over 100 million years. Some have theorized that the dragonfly may have been the first insect or even animal to fly. Scientists have found a fossilized dragonfly from about 250 million years ago. This one had a wingspan of about 28 inches. I think it would be cool to have 28-inch-wide dragonflies flying around the yard, but I am likely in the minority on this. It’s probably good that today’s varieties only measure 1 to 4 inches in length.
Dragonflies have a simple life cycle of three stages: egg, nymph and adult. Adult females lay their eggs either on or near the water. In about 3 to 5 weeks the eggs hatch into nymphs called naiads. While in this nymph stage, they live essentially buried in mud or attached to plants underwater. This stage can last anywhere from several a few months to three years.
The nymphs don’t look like the adults. You may have seen them at some point and not known they were young dragonflies. They have a long slender body, six legs, and a large head but no wings. While in the nymph stage, they feed on small aquatic animals such as insects, tadpoles, worms or even very small fish, reaching out and grabbing their dinner as it swims by.
Once they are fully grown, they crawl out of the water to finish the process of becoming an adult. In what can be a half-hour long process, the adult dragonfly emerges from the naiad skin. Once the wings are ready, they fly off in search of a mate. Adults may live up to six weeks. After mating occurs, the female lays her eggs, and the process starts all over again.
Interestingly, dragonfly mating occurs while flying. You may have seen two attached dragonflies flying, landing and flying again at some point. Well, that’s what was going on. Dragonflies can remain in this position for several days before detaching to carry on with their lives.
The “dragon” part of their name comes from their strong jaws, which they use to catch their prey. The fly portion, well, that should be obvious, but they are also the world’s fastest insect, with the ability to reach speeds of up to 60 miles per hour.
When hunting for food, the adult dragonflies will fly in a zigzag pattern above the water or your lawn essentially scooping up mosquitos, gnats or other insects from the air with their front legs which they hold like a basket just beneath their mouth.
Damselflies are a close relative of the dragonfly and may easily be confused with the dragonfly. You can tell them apart in a couple of ways. Damselflies are smaller and more delicate than dragonflies and when they are at rest, damselflies hold their wings straight up and together above their body while the wings of dragonflies remain horizontal while at rest. Both are great partners to have in your landscape. Happy gardening!
The Men Who Would Be Scene: Episode 25
Tulsa World's James Watts and Jimmie Tramel talk Smurfs U.S. debut, Tulsa ties to TV's "Columbo," efforts to restore the Midland Theater in Coffeyville, Kansas, and a preview of OKC's new First Americans Museum
Tulsa Master Gardeners: Tips from local experts
Get the buzz on bees in your garden
The majority of bee pollinators we see in our gardens are not actually honeybees. Bumble bees prefer to live together underground in much smaller colonies; only the queen survives winter.
Click here to read more.
Courtesy Bugwood.org
Don't rake fallen leaves from lawn and reap the benefits
Rather than look at them as a nuisance, we should look at them as a gift. In the natural world (as compared to the micro-environments we call our yards), when leaves fall from the trees, they accomplish several things. First of all, they return vital nutrients back to the soil.
Click here to read more from Master Gardener Tom Ingram.
Anna Codutti, Tulsa World
Fireplace ashes aren't the answer to soil problems
An online gardening group says you should spread fireplace ashes around the garden, but that can be problematic. Even if your soil is low in potassium and pH, there’s still the salt problem caused by fireplace ashes.
Click here to read more from Master Gardener Brian Jervis.
Mike Simons, Tulsa World file
Dragonflies are helpful mosquito-eaters
Each dragonfly can eat hundreds of mosquitoes a day. Because of this, dragonflies are sometimes known as “mosquito hawks.”
AP File Photo
Fall is the best time to reseed fescue
Fescue is our primary grass for shady areas here in Tulsa. It can work in areas with full sun, but you might not want to pay the water bill that it takes to make that happen.
Fall is the best because not only do we have cooler temperatures, but when we reseed in the fall, the grass has the fall, winter and spring to work on a healthy root system that will do its best to help it survive our Oklahoma summers.
Click here to read more
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The joys of fall vegetable gardens, and tips on planting garlic
It’s probably too late to start some crops from seed, but there are still a lot of vegetables you can plant, grow and harvest before winter arrives. And there are some that you can grow through the winter.
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Tulsa World File photo
Fall means it’s time to plant most trees and shrubs
The first and most important thing that newly planted plants (including trees and shrubs) need to do is develop a healthy root system. The smaller the plant, the quicker this usually happens. But since trees and shrubs are usually larger than the annual and perennial flowers we plant, it takes them longer to develop a root system capable of anchoring and feeding these plants.
So, when we plant trees and shrubs in the fall, while the above-ground portion of the plant is dormant, or at least not very active, the tree or shrub is free to concentrate on growing roots.
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Photo by IAN MAULE/Tulsa World
Catch mulberry weeds early to stop rapid spread
This weed gets its name because it looks a little like mulberry tree seedlings, but that is where the similarity ends.
Mulberry weed is active in the landscape from April through November. Since these weeds can produce two to five generations per year, it’s easy to see how they can take over quickly if left unchecked.
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An easy fix for twig girdlers eating your tree
During late August to early October, adult twig girdler beetles emerge and begin to feed on the tender bark found near the branch ends. Almost as soon as they start to feed, they begin to chew a small V-shaped groove around one of the small branches. This is a process we call girdling.
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Milkweed tussock moth a welcome, cute visitor
I must admit I am always excited to see the milkweed tussock moth on our milkweed, maybe a little too excited. They look like little caterpillar versions of a Shih Tzu, all fluffy and cute… yes, I said cute.
Female milkweed tussock moths deposit their eggs during June in white egg masses. These egg masses can be found on the underside of the milkweed leaves.
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Armyworm invasion can be destructive
We call them armyworms, but in reality, they are caterpillars on their way to becoming a moth.
These moths will migrate south later this year in search of the warmer climates of the Gulf Coast, Texas or Mexico, only to return to Oklahoma in June next year. Until they leave, they can be quite destructive.
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Photo by TOM GILBERT/Tulsa World
Extending your homegrown tomato reserves to Christmas
I know we are a few months from this situation, but in the fall when a freeze threatens your tomato crop, you can harvest all your green tomatoes.
Once harvested, wrap each tomato individually in newspaper and store in a cool, dark place with temperatures somewhere around 55 to 60 degrees.
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'Bumper crop' of bagworms this year
In Oklahoma, bagworms are partial to eastern red cedar, arborvitae and other junipers but they will also feed on true cedars, pine, spruce, bald cypress, maple, boxelder, sycamore, willow, black locust and oak.
There are 130 plant species in various parts to the U.S. that can play host to bagworms. This year they are so plentiful, you can even find bagworms on roses.
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Plant-zapping spider mites thrive in the summer
To confirm, you can hold a white sheet of paper underneath the infested plant and jiggle the branch a bit to see if any tiny little dark specks appear. Granted, this may cross the line for the more timid gardeners.
Spider mites are in the arachnid family making them relatives of spiders, ticks, daddy long-legs and scorpions. The webbing you are seeing can occur in large infestations and serves to protect the mites and their eggs from predators.
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Troubleshooting tomato plant woes
The hot, wet conditions we have been experiencing are perfect for the development of fungal diseases in tomatoes.
Brown spots on the blossom end of tomatoes would suggest blossom end rot, but the tomatoes in the photo we received have a different kind of brown spot. This one is indicative of a fungal disease known as buckeye rot.
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Ornamental grasses add interest to garden
If you do need to fill in some holes, consider ornamental grasses. Ornamental grasses don’t always make in onto the shopping list.
But many of them offer not only a lot of bang for your buck since many of them can get sizable, but they will still be interesting in the winter when many of our plants have lost all their foliage. Here’s some ornamental grasses to consider for your home landscape.
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Slugs can devastate hostas
Slugs seem to love hostas, and unless you know what to look for, they can be difficult to find because their primary feeding time is at night. Oftentimes it is the shiny/slimy trails they leave behind that provide the confirming evidence.
Slugs are classified as gastropods, making them more like clams and mussels than typical garden pests. They also vary greatly in size from half an inch to more than 4 inches.
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Ideas for crapemyrtle replacements after deep freeze takes toll
If you want to replace your dead crapemyrtles with new ones, plan to replant in the summer.
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How much water does my garden need?
Each garden is going to have unique qualities that determine how often it needs to be watered.
For example, this time of year, the general recommendation is that tomatoes need between 1 to 2 inches of water per week. But even this recommendation comes with a bit of a disclaimer: The amount will depend on soil type, humidity and temperature.
Click here to read more
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Think twice before destroying garden caterpillars
We usually know how to get rid of a garden pest, but should we? Sometimes the answer is yes, but sometimes the answer is maybe not.
All caterpillars are on the way to becoming something else. We love the butterflies and moths, but oftentimes don’t feel the same about them while in the caterpillar stage. This means we have to make some choices.
Click here to read more
Tulsa World File photo
Preventing, treating powdery mildew
Many plants can be affected by powdery mildew including azalea, crabapple, dogwood, phlox, euonymus, lilac, snapdragon, dahlia, zinnia, crape myrtle, rose, pyracantha, rhododendron, spirea, wisteria, delphinium, oak, English ivy, photinia, blueberry, pecan, cucumber and squash.
Unfortunately, there’s a lot of powdery mildew in our area right now due to our wet, relatively cool spring.
Powdery mildew becomes apparent when you notice a whitish substance covering leaves of your plant.
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Tomato blossom end rot fact and fiction
Using antacids or eggshells or Epsom salts are not terrible things to do in your garden. They can be natural solutions to a nutrient deficiency in your soil if you have a nutrient deficiency. But they are not preventers of, or solutions for blossom end rot.
Blossom end rot is pretty easy to spot, and the symptoms start to show up when the fruits are about half grown. You will first notice a small, tan colored, perhaps water-soaked area near the blossom end of the fruit (the part furthest from the tomato stem).
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What in the world are oak apple galls?
Galls can be kind of hair-like structures on leaves, they can be pouch-like, and others can cause deformities on leaves or stems. There are three groups of insects that cause these galls: aphids, gall midges and gall wasps.
With over 50 varieties of gall wasps in North America, there is a high likelihood that your oak apple galls were caused by the gall wasp.
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Did the freeze kill your crapemyrtles?
We love our crapemyrtles and for good reason. They are durable, they grow fast, and you get flowers. This is why you see so many of the shrubs in northeast Oklahoma.
But here is the rub. The upper limit of appropriate growing zones for crapemyrtles is Zone 7. We are essentially in Zone 7 so we should be good… right? Not necessarily.
Click here to read more
Courtesy and staff photos
Take a Master Gardeners tour to get ideas for your own garden
Sometimes it can be difficult to decide which plants would work best in your garden, and many of us fall victim to “analysis paralysis” as we overthink the options. Thankfully, we not only have great garden centers in town with people who can help you make good decisions about what to purchase for your garden, but we also have several opportunities to visit individual homeowners’ gardens in local garden tours.
This is one of the reasons the Tulsa Master Gardeners have a garden tour each year. It’s one thing to see a plant at the nursery, but it’s quite another to see it fully grown and thriving in an actual garden. The garden tour is also a fundraiser that helps supports our programs throughout the county.
Click here to read more
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Here's why you want plenty of worms in your garden
First of all, worms are diggers. To dig, they use a part of their body called the prostomium. The prostomium is kind of like a large upper lip that helps to dig and then move the soil into their mouths. Worms like to dine on decaying organic matter in the soil. After digesting this organic matter, they deposit their nutrient rich excrement (also known as castings) back into the soil.
If you’ve ever been to an organic garden center, you will likely find bags of worm castings for sale since these castings make great fertilizer. It is estimated that each worm can produce the equivalent of 1/3 pound of top-grade fertilizer each year, but worm castings are not the only benefit.
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Confine your veggies to a container if space is scarce
While many of our articles on gardening are geared toward people with a yard, there are options for people who live in apartments, so let’s talk about a few.
The first option that comes to mind for people living in apartments or perhaps renting a home where you can’t disturb the landscape is container gardens. Even people with lawns should not overlook some of the advantages of growing vegetables in containers.
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'Oklahoma Proven' picks for 2021
Oklahoma State University has a great program called Oklahoma Proven. One of the goals of the Oklahoma Proven program is to help identify plants that are appropriate to grow in Oklahoma’s unique, sometimes extreme weather. Each year they release a new selection of plants that are not only environmentally friendly but have been put through a series of trials to ensure they will do well in Oklahoma landscapes.
Yearly Oklahoma Proven selections include a tree, shrub, perennial, and annual. You might be familiar with some of them, but they are always finding new and interesting cultivars to include in their selections. Let’s take a look at this year’s picks.
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Strategies for combating squash plant enemies
There are two main insects that are problematic for squash plants: squash bugs and the squash vine borer.
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Tips to be more successful with the top home garden crop
Let’s talk about a few things you can do to improve your chances for a great crop of tomatoes.
The first thing we need to talk about is the type of tomato you want to grow. Tomatoes are broken down into two categories: determinate and indeterminate. Determinate tomatoes produce a single crop in a year. They are a good choice if you want a large quantity of tomatoes at one time to either can or make into salsa or pasta sauce. Indeterminate tomatoes continue to produce all season long. These are good if you want to have a supply of tomatoes to eat all throughout the growing season.
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Photo by TOM GILBERT/Tulsa World
Lure more birds to your yard with these three things
When trying to figure out how to attract birds to your yard, you need to keep in mind the big three: food, water, and shelter.
So, the first thing you will need to do to make your landscape more bird friendly is to be sure there is an available food source. The easiest way to do this is to add a bird feeder to your yard. If your interest is in attracting a variety of birds, you should fill your feeder with a seed mix that includes both large and small seeds. If your interest is in attracting certain types of bird such as finches, you will need to get a different type of feeder that is built for thistle.
Click here to read more
Tulsa World File photo
Identify and deal with Eastern Tent Caterpillars
These insects are similar to the Fall Web Worms we see each fall, but they manifest differently.
One of the main differences you will notice is the webbing. Eastern Tent Caterpillars tend to build their webs where the branches split off the main stem while Fall Web Worms build their webs out at the end of the branches. Knowing this will help you distinguish between the two. And Eastern Ten Caterpillars are out and about in the spring, while Fall Web Worms are more visible in the fall.
Click here to read more
Courtesy photo
Prolific predators, ladybugs are great for your garden
Ladybugs have to be one of our favorite garden visitors: right up there with butterflies and bees. Technically, ladybugs are called lady beetles or ladybirds although I don’t remember the last time, I heard someone call them ladybirds. Even though there are approximately 450 varieties of lady beetles in North America, the one we are probably most familiar with is the convergent lady beetle aka Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, but let’s just stick with lady beetle.
The good news is that lady beetles are great for your garden since both the adult and grub-stage larvae are voracious predators of other insects. While they have a wide variety of insects they will dine upon, the one we are perhaps most familiar with is the aphid. An adult lady beetle can eat up to 50 aphids a day, which is good due to the rate at which aphids can reproduce.
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Tulsa World File photo
Play it safe and wait to plant until after April 15
It’s one question we get thousands of times: “Is it too early to plant vegetable transplants?” It’s a question that usually starts to pop up in mid-February and continues throughout March.
If you don’t know, the average last freeze date for us here in northeast Oklahoma is April 15th. Notice it says average, meaning we can have last freezes before this date and afterwards. Let’s look at some weather data from the National Weather Service to help underscore why it best to wait till April 15th.
Click here to read more
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Tips to prevent rust disease in trees; why you should steer clear of Bradford pears
It seems like rust disease was everywhere last spring. There are a variety of rust diseases such as cedar-apple rust, Asian pear rust, cedar-hawthorn rust, and cedar-quince rust to name a few. While these diseases are not terribly harmful to their host, they can diminish the vitality of the host plant and reduce production on fruit trees. You mentioned Bradford pear, which is an invasive species, but first let’s talk about rust disease prevention.
The funny thing about these rust diseases is that they require two different host plants to prosper. Cedars or junipers are the host during one portion of the life cycle and other plants like Bradford Pears are the host during the other portion of the life cycle. Asian pear rust is the culprit when it comes to Bradford pears.
Click here to read more
Tulsa World File photo
Take your garden to the next level for pollinators
While most flowers are good for pollinators, there are several key elements that will help take your flower garden to the next level for pollinators.
Tulsa World file photo
Online courses help you dig in to gardening this season
One of the mandates for Tulsa Master Gardeners (the prime directive if you will) is to be a resource of university/research-based information for the people of their home counties. Tulsa County is no exception.
Click here to read more
Tulsa World File photo
Why milkweed plants are so important for monarchs
Eastern monarchs are the ones we see in Tulsa. These butterflies pass through our area in the spring on their way north and then again in the fall as they head south to their overwintering site in Mexico. Monarch butterflies are one of the few insects that migrate such great distances.
The interesting thing about the monarch migration is that the monarchs that leave Mexico headed north are not the same ones that return in the fall. It is a multigenerational migration pattern that begs many questions like: How do they know where they are going?
Click here to read more
Tulsa World File photo
Raised-bed gardening has many benefits
Raised beds can be built in just about any shape you can imagine. Master Gardeners suggest you don’t go over about 4 feet in width.
Tulsa World File photo
Get to know your growing zone before buying plants
The United States is divided into growing zones. Each zone is given a reference number. Tulsa County is kind of a 6b to maybe a 7a. I say kind of because each year is different, and some years are more different than others. The farther south you go, the numbers increase.
These numbers are reference numbers to identify cold-hardiness zones. For example, if you had purchased a perennial that was rated for a cold-hardiness zone of 7a (which is what we would normally do), this means that your plant is rated to withstand winter temperatures down to -5 degrees.
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Get ready to grow potatoes
Once you have seed potatoes, cut them into about 1¼-inch chunks. Each chunk needs to have at least one “eye” or sprout. If the pieces need to be bigger, so be it. Once you have done this, put these chunks on a tray and let the surface dry out a bit. Be careful not to knock off your sprouts.
The traditional day to plant potatoes is St. Patrick’s Day (March 17), but they can actually go in the ground a little earlier or later. To plant, place each tuber about 3 to 5 inches deep and about 10 inches apart. If you are planting rows of potatoes, your rows should be about 36 inches apart. Sprinkle a little nitrogen fertilizer near your plants about four weeks after planting and again a couple of weeks later.
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Digging into the facts on fertilizer to better your garden
The illustration I like to use to help people understand fertilizer is that of a lawn mower. Lawn mowers need gas and oil. The gas gets consumed, but the oil level remains stable … pretty much. If we relate this to the garden, nitrogen is the gas and phosphorus and potassium are the oil.
Nitrogen gets consumed by plants and needs to be replenished or your plants run out of gas, so to speak. But as long as phosphorus and potassium levels stay within the preferred limits, you don’t need to supplement them at the same rate as you do nitrogen … we’re talking maybe adding phosphorus and potassium every few years rather than multiple times a year.
Click here to read more
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Diversify your garden for pollination success
Squash is a cucurbit, and cucurbits produce flowers that are male and flowers that are female. You can tell the difference because female squash flowers have an ovary below the flower that essentially looks like a very tiny cucumber.
The initial batch of flowers a squash plant will produce tends to be male flowers. Female flowers are added later. This could be one reason why your squash had flowers but no fruit.
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Identifying the dreaded rose rosette disease
Diagnosis is critical because there is no cure for rose rosette disease (RRD). Because roses will start to leaf out in a few weeks, let’s talk about how to identify RRD and what to do about it if your roses become infected.
Roses with RRD tend to grow branches that are clustered together. This cluster of new-growth branches form the shape of a triangle (or a rosette) aka the witch’s broom. These infected branches can be pretty easy to spot because they really stick out as unique when looking at the overall plant.
Click here to read more
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Water conservation saves money, benefits garden
Familiarize yourself with the water needs of your lawn and garden. I have a friend who tells me that up until recently, his neighbor was watering their lawn for about two hours a day, every day. I would hate to think what their water bill is, but I cannot think of a scenario where they would need to water a third-acre lot every day for two hours a day. This is water and money down the drain.
Because most of our yards are probably a turf grass of some type, keeping our turf green during the summer is likely a priority. There is nothing wrong with this but know that different types of turf grasses have different water needs.
Click here to read more
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Start seeds indoors
Left: There are several plants you can start outside around mid-March: broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce and onions. If you want to plant these mid-March, you will need to start your seeds indoors before then. Right: Radishes can be started from seed indoors and then planted outdoors mid-March.
Tulsa World Archive photos
Nip improper pruning in the bud
For most of us, pruning is a necessity because proper pruning can enhance growth and blooms of most plants. However, improper pruning can ruin the natural look of a plant, as well as potentially weaken it and make it more susceptible to stress and disease.
Pruning should be a process we engage in to improve the health, landscape appropriateness or value of the plant. Essentially, you are removing parts of the plant for the betterment of the plant, flowers or fruits that remain.
Click here to read more
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Earth-friendly ways to managing garden pests
Integrated Pest Management, or IPM, is an environmentally sensitive approach to managing garden pests through a multipractice strategy. With IPM, we try to eliminate the pest problem through management rather than just trying to eliminate the pest. IPM practices include cultural controls, biological controls, mechanical/physical controls and, finally, chemical controls.
Before we get into the specifics of IPM, let’s define what we mean when we say “pest.” As gardeners, we tend to throw that term around pretty easily, but technically, a pest is a living organism that can be harmful to humans, our food or our living quarters. But before we get all uppity about it, these living organisms are also just doing what they do, and there are more of them than there are of us, so…
Let’s talk about IPM.
Click here to read more
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More options for Earth-friendly pest control
We get questions all the time asking what can be done about this insect or that weed, etc. The person asking the question typically wants us to tell them something they can spray to eliminate the problem. I understand, but oftentimes, the simplest approach is the best: hand removal.
For example, if you happen to have tomato hornworms devouring your tomatoes, you can just put on your gloves, pick the hornworm off your plant and then dispose of the caterpillars. Simple, to the point, and no other insects were harmed in this procedure. For many smaller insects, a strong stream of water is enough to get them off your plants and out of your hair.
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Keep tropical plants cozy inside during the winter
Indoor plants or houseplants seem like they should be treated the same as those out of doors, but there are some differences that can help ensure your success. The first variable is light.
There are very few plants that like dark corners of the house, so light is going to be critical for your houseplants. Your best bet is to find a bright room with sunlight.
If you do not have a brightly lit room, you may need to add supplemental light in the form of a grow light. There are a wide variety of these available, so just pick one that best meets your needs.
Click here to read more
AP File Photo
Tulsa Master Gardeners answers about planting, pests, pollinators and more
You can get answers to all your gardening questions by calling the Tulsa Master Gardeners Help Line at 918-746-3701, dropping by our Diagnostic Center at 4116 E. 15th St., or by emailing us at mg@tulsamastergardeners.org .
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