100 YEARS AGO
June 9, 1921
kAm~? =2DE uC:52J[ :? E96 D64E:@? 62DE @7 pD9H@@5 <?@H? 2D E96 |F55J rC66< D64E:@?[ @44FCC65 @?6 @7 E96 H@CDE 4=@F5 3FCDED 2?5 H2E6CDA@FED E92E 92D 6G6C @44FCC65 :? E96 E6CC:E@CJ] x? 2 =6EE6C E@ r@F?EJ #@25>2DE6C #2J>@?5 w6:56C[ y6DD6 z:=ED[ H6==\<?@H? C6D:56?E @7 E92E D64E:@? D2JD[ Q%96 4=@F5 3FCDE E@52J WuC:52JX H2D D6C:@FD 2?5 5:5 2 8C62E 562= @7 52>286] |F55J rC66< 7:== :D 4@>A=6E6=J H2D965 @FE 2?5 E96 3C:586 2E s2G:DV :D 8@?6] %@ 2 8C62E 6IE6?E[ E96 C@25 :D E@C? FA 2?5 :? >2?J A=246D :E :D 7:==65 H:E9 C@4<] |J :>AC6DD:@? :D E92E :E :D >F49 H@CD6 72CE96C 5@H? E96 4C66<] x 36=:6G6 E96 3C:586 2E E96 uC2E6D A=246 :D @FE 2D x 5@?VE D66 9@H :E 4@F=5 A@DD:3=J DE2?5 E96 DEC2:? @7 E96 CFD9:?8 H2E6CD] |F55J rC66< H2D 2 H:56 7=@@565 C:G6C E2<:?8 EC66D 2?5 3@F=56CD H:E9 :E] uC@> E96 E@A @7 E96 9:== 2E ~==6CD x 4@F=5 D66 r96CCJ rC66< H2D 7F== E@ E96 32?<D]Q |C] w6:56C =67E (65?6D52J >@C?:?8 E@ G:6H E96 52>286 2?5 AC6A2C6 7@C E96 ?646DD2CJ C6A2:CD] %9:D :D 2 A@CE:@? @7 E96 C@25 7C@> pD9H@@5 E@ |:E496== 2?5 H2D @?=J C646?E=J 4@>A=6E65] !6@A=6 H9@ 925 EC2G6=65 E96 C@25 D2J E92E :E H2D 2? 6I46==6?E A:646 @7 C@25 4@?DECF4E:@?[ 36:?8 36EE6C E92? E96 2G6C286 C@25 :? E9:D D64E:@?] xE :D AC@323=6 E92E C63F:=5:?8 E96 C@25 H:== 4@>>6?46 2E @?46[ 2=E9@F89 >6>36CD @7 E96 r@F?EJ r@FCE 92G6[ 2D J6E[ ?@E =62C?65 E96 6I24E 4@?5:E:@? @7 :E]k^Am
kAmfd *tp#$ pv~k^Am
kAmyF?6 e[ `hcek^Am
kAm~? E96 52J @7 E96 C646?E H2E6C 46=63C2E:@?[ E96 65:E@C @7 E96 !:@?66C H2D 2 8F6DE :? E96 42C @7 %] {6=2?5 qC@H?[ 2EE@C?6J 7@C E96 y6776CD@? (2E6C r@?D6CG2?4J 5:DEC:4E[ H:E9 $]w] q@2C5>2?[ DE2E6 A2C<D DFA6C:?E6?56?E[ 2?5 |2CD92= }] s2?2[ 65:E@C @7 E96 ~C68@? y@FC?2=[ @? E96 C:56 7C@> E96 |25C2D 2:C32D6 E@ E96 #@5>2? A=246[ D46?6 @7 E96 7@C>2= 46C6>@?:6D]k^Am
kAmsFC:?8 E96 C:56 |C] q@2C5>2? E@=5 >6>36CD @7 E96 A2CEJ 3C:67=J @7 A=2?D 7@C 2? 6=23@C2E6 56G6=@A>6?E @7 E96 r@G6 !2=:D256D !2C< :? y6776CD@? r@F?EJ]k^Am
kAmx? 9:D 3C:67 5:D4FDD:@? 96 C6G62=65 E92E E9:D A2C< >2J 364@>6 @?6 @7 E96 >@DE F?:BF6[ 7C@> E96 DE2?5A@:?E @7 E96 86@=@8:DE[ @? E96 8=@36] rFCC6?E=J 56G6=@A>6?ED 2C6 2=C625J F?56C H2J 2C6 @7 AC:>2CJ :?E6C6DE E@ 7:D96C>6?[ H9@ 4@>6 7C@> 2== A2CED @7 E96 ?2E:@? E@ D66< E96 72>65 C65D:56D @7 r6?EC2= ~C68@?] }6H 724:=:E:6D 2?5 ?6H C@25D 2?5 EC2:=D H:== ?@E @?=J :?E6C6DE 7:D96C>6? 3FE 2=D@ :?E6C?2E:@?2= 86@=@8:DED 2?5 E@FC:DE[ D66<:?8 C2C6 D:89ED]k^Am
kAm|C] q@2C5>2? AC@>:D65 E92E 96 H@F=5 D6?5 E96 !:@?66C 2 4@>AC696?D:G6 DF>>2CJ @7 A=2?D @7 E96 AC@A@D65 A2C< 56G6=@A>6?E[ H9:49 H:== :?4=F56 2 >28?:7:46?E DH:>>:?8 A@@= 2?5 9@E6=] z66A:?8 9:D AC@>:D6[ 96 92D 7@CH2C565 9:D @H? C64@>>6?52E:@?D E@ E96 ~C68@? $E2E6 w:89H2J 4@>>:DD:@? 2?5 2? 2CE:4=6 6?E:E=65[ Q%96 r@G6[ 2 !2=:D2565 !2C< @7 v6@=@8:42= $:8?:7:42?46[Q HC:EE6? 3J (]p] {2?8:==6[ DE2E6 A2C<D 9:DE@C:2?]k^Am
kAmp44@>A2?J:?8 E96 A2C<D :?7@C>2E:@?[ |C] q@2C5>2? HC@E6 2D 7@==@HDik^Am
kAmQx H:D9 E@ E92?< J@F 2E E9:D E:>6 7@C E96 >2?J 4@FCE6D:6D J@F 6IE6?565 >6 H9:=6 G:D:E:?8 H:E9 J@F 2?5 J@FC A6@A=6 E96 $2EFC52J @7 E96 46=63C2E:@?] *@F 92G6 2 H@?56C7F= AC@;64E :? E96 >2<:?8[ @?6 @7 E96 7:?6DE :? E96 DE2E6] x 9@A6 E@ >2<6 E96 r@G6 @?6 @7 E96 7:?6DE A2C<D :? E96 DE2E6]k^Am
kAm%96 !:@?66C H:== AC:?E E96 {2?8:==6 2CE:4=6 2?5 E96 DE2E6>6?E @7 |C] q@2C5>2? D6C:2==J 5FC:?8 E96 4@>:?8 H66<D] xE :D DF886DE65 E92E y6776CD@? r@F?EJ C6256CD <66A E96:C A2A6CD[ :? @C56C E92E E96J >2J 92G6 7@C C676C6?46 E96 6?E:C6 DE@CJ @7 E96 A2C< @? 4@?4=FD:@? @7 :ED AF3=:42E:@?] xE H:== 36 H@CE9J @7 2 A=246 :? 72>:=J D4C2A 3@@<D]k^Am
kAmqJ (]p] {2?8:==6k^Am
kAm%96 r@G6 !2=:D256D $E2E6 !2C< :D =@42E65 :? y6776CD@? r@F?EJ @44FAJ:?8 2==[ @C A2CE[ @7 D6G6?E66? D64E:@?D :? %@H?D9:A `` 2?5 `a D@FE9[ C2?86 `a 62DE[ (]|]k^Am
kAm%96 ?@CE9 3@F?52CJ :D 2AAC@I:>2E6=J @?6\2?5\@?6\92=7 >:=6D 36=@H E96 ;F?4E:@? @7 E96 |6E@=:FD #:G6C H:E9 E96 s6D49FE6D[ :ED D@FE9 >2C8:? 2AAC@I:>2E6=J @?6 >:=6 D@FE9 @7 E96 4@F?EJ 3C:586 @G6C rC@@<65 #:G6C[ 2?5 =6DD E92? 2 92=7 >:=6 D@FE9 @7 E96 s6D49FE6D 4C@DD:?8[ 2 >2I:>F> =6?8E9 @7 D:I >:=6D 2?5 G2CJ:?8 7C@> 2 BF2CE6C >:=6 E@ E9C66\2?5\2\BF2CE6C >:=6D :? H:5E9[ 4@G6C:?8 >@DE @7 E96 rC@@<65 #:G6C 2?5 s6D49FE6D 42?J@?D 7@C 2=>@DE E96 6?E:C6 A2C< =6?8E9]k^Am
kAm~7 E9:D 2C62 a[ef` 24C6D 2C6 =62D65 7C@> E96 &?:E65 $E2E6D 3J 2?5 E9C@F89 E96 r6?EC2= ~C68@? 8C2K:?8 AC@;64E[ {2\~#\a[ F?56C 2 d_\J62C r@@A6C2E:G6 2?5 =:46?D6 28C66>6?E 52E65 ~4E@36C a`[ `hc`] p?@E96C a[dga 24C6D 2C6 2=D@ =62D65 3J 2?5 E9C@F89 E96 3FC62F @7 C64=2>2E:@?[ F?56C E96 E6C>D @7 2? 2??F2= A6C>:E[ 7:CDE 52E65 |2C49 h[ `hch] %9:D A6C>:E :D C6?6H23=6 7C@> J62C E@ J62C F?E:= E96 2C62 :D ?66565 7@C C64=2>2E:@? AFCA@D6D] x? 255:E:@?[ ba_ 24C6D H6C6 AFC492D65 7C@> E96 DE2E6 =2?5 3@2C5[ g__ 24C6D 7C@> y6776CD@? r@F?EJ[ 2?5 cab 24C6D 7C@> D6G6? AC:G2E6 @H?6CD[ E96 E@E2= 2D @7 yF?6 b_[ `hca[ 36:?8 f[_ee 24C6D @7 :>AC6DD:G6 D46?:4 8C2?56FC[ 2?5 :?4=F56D D@>6 @7 E96 7:?6DE EC@FE 7:D9:?8 H2E6C :? E96 DE2E6[ 2== D6E 2D:56 7@C E96 6?;@J>6?E 2?5 65:7:42E:@? @7 ~C68@? 4:E:K6?D 2?5 ~C68@? G:D:E@CD]k^Am
kAm%96 C64C62E:@?2= 762EFC6D @7 E96 A2C< H6C6 :?:E:2E65 :? `hbf 2?5 E96 AC@;64E[ H:E9 :ED 244@>A=:D965 56G6=@A>6?E[ H2D E6?E2E:G6=J EC2?D76CC65 E@ E96 ~C68@? $E2E6 w:89H2J 4@>>:DD:@? :? `hbg[ 3FE :ED 42C6 H2D ?@E 7F==J 2DDF>65 3J E96 $E2E6 A2C<D 56A2CE>6?E F?E:= yF?6 `[ `hc`[ H96? E96 AC6D6?E C6D:56?E 42C6E2<6C[ #]w] #2?5D[ H2D A=2465 :? 492C86]k^Am
kAm%96 7:CDE 56G6=@A>6?E 7@C C64C62E:@?2= AFCA@D6D H2D 3J rrr 7@C46D[ F?56C E96 5:C64E:@? @7 E96 A6CD@??6= @7 E96 r6?EC2= ~C68@? 8C2K:?8 AC@;64E[ {p\~#\a] (@C< H2D DE2CE65 @? E96 D>2== 7=2E 2C62 2E E96 H6DE 6?5 @7 E96 rC@@<65 #:G6C 3C:586] w6C6 2? 24C6[ >@C6 @C =6DD[ H2D 4=62C65 2?5 D@H65 E@ =2H? 8C2DD[ 2 H2E6C DJDE6> :?DE2==65[ E23=6D 2?5 36?496D 96H? 7C@> ;F?:A6C EC66D H6C6 D6E FA[ H:E9 2? 256BF2E6 ?F>36C @7 A2C< DE@G6D 2?5 6DD6?E:2= @FE\3F:=5:?8D]k^Am
kAmd_ *tp#$ pv~k^Am
kAmyF?6 `_[ `hf`k^Am
kAmpD D@@? 2D 2 =62D6 2CC2?86>6?E 42? 36 564:565 FA@? 3J E96 y6776CD@? r@F?EJ p:CA@CE r@>>:DD:@? 2?5 E96 |25C2D r:EJ r@F?4:=[ 4@?DECF4E:@? D9@F=5 368:? @? 2 ?6H 92?82C 2E E96 |25C2D p:CA@CE]k^Am
kAmr92C=6D $<62?D[ |25C2D w:89 $49@@= G:46\AC:?4:A2= 2?5 AC:G2E6[ A:=@E 2AAC@24965 E96 4:EJ 4@F?4:= H:E9 E96 :562 2E %F6D52JVD 4@F?4:= >66E:?8] $<62?D D2:5 E92E 96[ }@C> wJ56C[ s:4< {:?5=6J[ 2?5 $E277@C5 r@@< H@F=5 =:<6 E@ 86E DE2CE65 @? 2 D>2==[ E9C66\A=2?6 92?82C 2D D@@? 2D A@DD:3=6]k^Am
kAm%96 4@F?4:= 25@AE65 2 >@E:@? >256 3J 4@F?4:=>6? #@36CE sF<6 C64@>>6?5:?8 E92E E96 2:CA@CE 4@>>:DD:@? AC6A2C6 2 E6?\J62C =62D6 H:E9 2? @AE:@? E@ C6?6H2=[ 7@C EH@ E6?\J62C A6C:@5D] $F49 2? 2CC2?86>6?E[ E96 4@F?4:= 76=E[ H@F=5 AC@G:56 E96 =62D66D 2 72:C 2>@F?E @7 D64FC:EJ H9:=6 :? ?@ H2J H@F=5 3:?5 E96 4:EJ @7 |25C2D E@ 2?J 7FEFC6 7:?2?4:2= @3=:82E:@?D]k^Am
kAmad *tp#$ pv~k^Am
kAmyF?6 `a[ `hhek^Am
kAm%96 ~C68@? s6A2CE>6?E @7 r@CC64E:@?D :D =@@<:?8 7@C D:I =2C86 D:E6D 7@C DE2E6 AC:D@?D[ 2?5 EH@ D>2== D:E6D 7@C AC:D@? H@C< 42>AD]k^Am
kAmp C6AC6D6?E2E:G6 7C@> E96 4@CC64E:@?D 56A2CE>6?E H2D :? |25C2D E9:D H66<[ 5:D4FDD:?8 E96 >2EE6C H:E9 =@42= 8@G6C?>6?E @77:4:2=D 2?5 3FD:?6DD A6@A=6]k^Am
kAm+2s62? pFJ6C[ 4@CC64E:@?D 56A2CE>6?E 724:=:E:6D D:E:?8 4@@C5:?2E@C[ D2:5 E92E :7 A6@A=6 :? y6776CD@? r@F?EJ 2C6 :?E6C6DE65 :? 92G:?8 E96 4@CC64E:@?D 56A2CE>6?E 4@?D:56C E96 |25C2D 2C62 2D 2 A@DD:3=6 DE2E6 AC:D@? D:E6[ E96 =@42= 8@G6C?>6?ED D9@F=5 A2DD C6D@=FE:@?D :?5:42E:?8 E9:D]k^Am
kAm{@42= ;FC:D5:4E:@?D 92G6 E9C@F89 E96 >@?E9 @7 yF=J E@ :?5:42E6 E92E E96J 2C6 :?E6C6DE65[ pFJ6C D2:5]k^Am
kAmp =2C86 AC:D@? H@F=5 6>A=@J 36EH66? d__ 2?5 dd_ A6@A=6] %96 D>2==6C 724:=:E:6D H:== 6>A=@J 36EH66? `__ 2?5 `d_ A6@A=6] %96 6DE:>2E65 2??F2= A2JC@== 7@C 6249 >2;@C 724:=:EJ :D S`a]d >:==:@?]k^Am